This box describes the Eurosystem liquidity conditions and monetary policy operations in the first and second reserve maintenance periods of 2025, from 5 February to 22 April 2025.
This box summarises the findings of a recent ECB survey of leading non-financial companies on the outlook for business investment. The responding firms anticipate more subdued euro area investment growth over the next three years but increasing investment in other advanced economies and emerging markets. The responses suggest that, among major recent developments, technological change is the most important factor influencing investment strategies.
Harmonising European post-trade activities is essential for bolstering capital markets and better serving European citizens and companies. Progress is required in both enhancing the current landscape and developing digital solutions. This article concentrates on the present post-trade environment, with a particular focus on non-harmonised elements, particularly in securities settlement, collateral management and asset servicing.
This box provides an overview of how US multinational enterprises (MNEs) shape euro area trade patterns. It focuses particularly on trade with the United States in the light of ongoing trade tensions and their potential impact. MNEs based in the United States contribute substantially to euro area economic activity. In particular, these companies shape euro area trade in goods with the United States via substantial exports of pharmaceutical products, intragroup trade and contract manufacturing.
Euro area services inflation has been persistent owing to a combination of factors, including a delayed response of some services prices to past shocks. This, in part, reflects staggered price setting, as the price changes of a large share of the services basket take place in just one or two months of the year. This box identifies the services items with such pricing patterns and shows that the inflation rate of services items with an annual repricing pattern responded to the past inflationary shocks with some lag.
Exchange of letters between the Governor and the Chancellor
The Bank of England’s Monetary Policy Committee is responsible for making decisions about Bank Rate.
Index-linked treasury stocks are gilts issued by the UK Government. They pay out twice a year, with the amount indexed to the Retail Prices Index.
This article analyses the transmission of monetary policy to consumption via its impact on mortgage payments. Simulations using the current distribution of loans across households show that, despite rate cuts, a substantial part of past tightening is still in the pipeline. The average interest rate on outstanding mortgages is expected to continue to increase, translating into a persistent drag on the expected consumption recovery.
This box explores whether the effect of tightening financial conditions on US economic growth varies depending on the level of equity valuations. Financial conditions indices (FCIs) offer a consolidated measure of the costs of financing for households, firms and governments and typically incorporate interest rates, equity prices, corporate bond spreads and exchange rates. Using an exemplary FCI, we find that equity prices significantly influence US financial conditions when equity markets are overvalued. That, however, is shown to weaken their economic growth signal.
