Central banks

Ben Ranish and Cindy M. VojtechAdoption of the current expected credit losses (CECL) methodology for loan loss provisioning significantly altered how banks recognize loan losses in their capital calculations. Because capital is a more costly funding source for banks, the accounting change affects banks' cost of funding loans.

Macroeconomic policy increasingly requires assessments of risk rather than point forecasts alone. This paper develops a framework to compute impulse responses for scenario probabilities and the full predictive distribution of macroeconomic outcomes. The approach combines a regime-dependent mixture VAR with endogenous state probabilities and heteroskedastic shock identification, complemented by sparse sign and narrative restrictions.

Cross-border payments are often slow and costly with many regions underserved by current arrangements. In line with the G20 Roadmap for Enhancing Cross-border Payments, several countries and regions, including the euro area, are working to interlink their domestic fast payment systems as a way to improve speed, cost and transparency. Econometric evidence suggests that countries with interlinked systems trade about 4% more with each other – around half of the effect of a trade agreement and a quarter of the effect of a common currency.

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