Leland D. Crane, Akhil Karra, and Paul E. SotoWe evaluate the ability of large language models (LLMs) to estimate historical macroeconomic variables and data release dates. We find that LLMs have precise knowledge of some recent statistics, but performance degrades as we go farther back in history.
Borrower-based measures (BBMs) are critical tools in the banking union’s macroprudential policy frameworks. They are designed to promote sustainable lending practices and strengthen the resilience of borrowers, lenders and the broader economy. Over the past decade, the adoption of BBMs has significantly increased across countries in the banking union, likely reflecting their effectiveness.
This article looks into residential real estate (RRE) lending standards, focusing on their key determinants and assessing the implications of loose lending standards for financial stability and the real economy. Two key insights emerge. First, lending standards tend to be procyclical – i.e., they become looser during economic upturns and tighter during downturns. Second, loose lending standards amplify the effects of negative housing market shocks on the real economy and heighten financial stability risks via an increase in the probability of default of households.
The Bank of England (the Bank), the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA), and the Payment Systems Regulator (PSR) (the Authorities) have a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) which sets out the high-level framework that we use to cooperate with one another in relation to payments in the UK.
Our paper uses a general equilibrium framework to examine the effects of temperature on firm-level demand, productivity and input allocative efficiency. Using data from Italian firms and detailed climate data, it uncovers a sizeable negative effect of extreme temperatures on firm-level productivity. Based on these estimates, the model generates aggregate productivity losses from local temperature fluctuations that are higher than previously thought, ranging from 0.60% to 6.82% depending on the scenario and the extent of adaptation.
Letter to Richard Tice MP
The Bank of England (BoE) has renewed the Statement of Commitment to the FX Global Code (‘Code’) based on the revised Code dated December 2024
This Market Notice sets out the schedule for sales in Q3 2025 of gilts held in the Asset Purchase Facility (APF) for monetary policy purposes.
The Bank's Court of Directors acts as a unitary board, setting the organisation's strategy and budget and taking key decisions on resourcing and appointments. Required to meet a minimum seven times per year, it has five executive members from the Bank and up to nine non-executive members.
This box summarises the findings of a recent ECB survey of leading non-financial companies on the outlook for business investment. The responding firms anticipate more subdued euro area investment growth over the next three years but increasing investment in other advanced economies and emerging markets. The responses suggest that, among major recent developments, technological change is the most important factor influencing investment strategies.
