The tight fiscal framework imposed by the new Stability and Growth Pact rules and Greece's long-standing commitment to primary surpluses above 2 pct of GDP for decades are catching up with the Greek government, as the window that allowed for handouts and support initiatives thanks to the escape clause is now firmly closed.

We shed light on the demand for a central bank digital currency (CBDC) as a means of payment, based on survey payment data. We provide a quantitative framework to assess transactional demand for CBDC at the point of sale, accommodating a wide range of design choices. We develop a structural model of payment means adoption and usage and estimate CBDC demand based on individuals’ preferences for payment method attributes.

The next time you’re searching through Airbnb listings, you may find there’s more to consider than just amenities and price.

This paper discusses the impact that a retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) could have on the implementation of monetary policy. Monetary policy implementation could be affected if the introduction of the retail CBDC changes the volume of commercial bank deposits held by customers, which would, in turn, affect central bank reserves. While it is often assumed that customer deposits would decrease if a CBDC was introduced, we provide arguments why this is by no means clear cut and deposits could even increase.